Electrifying on-road freight: Port tractor-trailers and concrete mixer trucks in Hainan province, China

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This paper analyzes two use cases of battery electric trucks (BETs) in China: one for in-port container delivery and the other for concrete delivery. The results show that swap-capable BETs achieved lower total cost of ownership and higher net revenue per kilometer than diesel and liquefied natural gas trucks for both use cases. The battery-as-a-service (BaaS) model enabled by swap-capable BETs also addresses the financial challenges posed by the higher purchase price of BETs, because it reduces the upfront cost burden and provides higher economic benefits for fleet customers. The paper also highlights three actions that Hainan province could consider to further promote the electrification of heavy-duty trucks, including setting sales targets and providing incentives for innovative solutions.

Note: This paper was updated April 2025.

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