Real-world use cases for zero-emission buses: Operations, charging, and maintenance in Chinese cities

China has become the largest global market and manufacturer of electric buses: In 2022, China sold over 100,000 electric buses, with electric buses accounting for 97% of all bus sales. This study analyzes the operations of fleet operators in eight cities in China and assesses the challenges faced by electric bus operators in recent years.

Figure. Average range per trip, per day, and per charge

Note: Values per trip and per day were reported by fleet operators and distance per charge was calculated based on survey results of real-world energy consumption and battery size.

The results of our analysis support several policy considerations, including:

• Accounting for additional environmental conditions in testing procedures could provide more accurate type-approval values of energy consumption for e-buses;
• Funding challenges related to battery replacement could present opportunities for government engagement;
• Warranty requirements could be reviewed and updated to reduce the maintenance costs of local e-bus fleets.