White paper
From laboratory to road: A 2018 update
This 2018 update of the From Laboratory to Road series covers approximately 1.3 million passenger cars from 15 data sources and eight European countries.
The update shows that in 2017, for the first time in years, the average gap between official fuel consumption figures and actual fuel use for new cars in the EU did not increase, but rather stabilized at 39 percent. Despite the recent slowdown, the discrepancy between official measurements of vehicle efficiency and actual performance of new cars in everyday driving has more than quadrupled since 2001.
Between 2001 and 2017, average official CO2 emission values of new European cars decreased from 170 g/km to 119 g/km over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), a 30 per cent decline. But the official CO2 emission values are determined in a controlled laboratory environment. The gap between real-world and official CO2 emission values grew steadily between the early 2000s and 2016, effectively cancelling out two-thirds of the on-paper efficiency improvements since 2001.
For an average consumer, the current gap level translates into unexpected fuel expenses of approximately 400 euros per year. Because vehicle taxation schemes and incentive schemes for low-carbon cars are based on official CO2 values, the gap may also lead to significant losses of tax revenue and misallocation of public funds.
A number of reasons may have contributed to the change in the previous upward trend in the gap. There is currently limited regulatory pressure on car makers to increase vehicle efficiency, as the next set of CO2 targets will not apply until 2020. Furthermore, increased scrutiny on the real-world performance of vehicles may have acted as a deterrent to further test optimization. The decline in diesel shares of new car registrations also plays a role in the stabilization of the gap, as diesel vehicles tend to exhibit a higher gap than their gasoline counterparts.
The WLTP test procedure, introduced for new vehicle types in September 2017, will likely produce more realistic CO2 emission values. But there are indications that a substantial divergence could remain in future years. In response, as part of the 2025 and 2030 CO2 standards, the European Commission is required to assess how data from fuel consumption meters can be used to prevent the real-world gap from growing, by June 2023 at the latest. In 2027, the European Commission must furthermore assess the feasibility of adjusting each manufacturer’s average CO2 emissions for its real-world performance, beginning in 2030.
